As an alternative, xenograft substitutes are cheap, but their use provided contrasting results, so far. banked bone, are osteoconductive and weakly osteoinductive, though there are still concerns about the residual infective risks, costs and donor availability issues. Autografts still represent the gold standard for bone substitution, though the morbidity and the inherent limited availability are the main limitations. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.Bone substitutes are being increasingly used in surgery as over two millions bone grafting procedures are performed worldwide per year. Definitions and other text are available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additional terms may apply. ![]() This page was last edited on 31 August 2023, at 17:07.Terry Crowley (2004) Bislama Reference Grammar, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi press, →ISBN, page 37įrom English dog, which is translation of 狗 ( gau2, “ dog ” ), which is a homophone of 九 ( gau2, “ nine ” ), which is a euphemism of 鳩 / 鸠 ( gau1, “ fucking stupid ” ).Alternative form of dag ( preterite of dink)įrom English dog.^ Douglas Harper (2001–2023), “ dog”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.Hogg, Norman Francis Blake, The Cambridge History of the English Language (1992, →ISBN), volume 1, age 91 says much the same. ^ Laurel Brinton, Alexander Bergs, Old English (2017, →ISBN), page 59: "In addition, the velar and palatal geminates could be written as or, as in ~.Northcote Toller (1898), “docga”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kuhn, Middle English Dictionary (1962, →ISBN), page 4, page 1204 The species Canis familiaris (sometimes designated Canis lupus familiaris), domesticated for thousands of years and of highly variable appearance because of human breeding.ĭog ( countable and uncountable, plural dogs) ![]() In the 16th century, the word dog was adopted by several continental European languages as their word for mastiff. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to breeds used for hunting. In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype resembling the modern mastiff and bulldog. Another is that it is related to *docce ( “ stock, muscle ” ), from Proto-West Germanic *dokkā ( “ round mass, ball, muscle, doll ” ), whence English dock ( “ stumpy tail ” ). The theory goes that it could have been an epithet for dogs, commonly used by children, meaning "good/useful animal.". Another proposal is that it derives from Proto-West Germanic *dugan ( “ to be suitable ” ), the origin of Old English dugan ( “ to be good, worthy, useful ” ), English dow, German taugen. One possibility is Old English dox ( “ dark, swarthy ” ) (compare frocga from frox). Possibly a pet-form diminutive with suffix -ga (compare frocga ( “ frog ” ), *picga ( “ pig ” )), appended to a base *dog-, *doc- of unclear origin and meaning. ![]() The original meaning seems to have been a common dog, as opposed to a well-bred one, or something like ' cur', and perhaps later came to be used for stocky dogs.
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